HDF: Glossary

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Glossary

# A

Array datatype
  A family of HDF4 datatypes whose elements are arrays of a fixed rank (≤ 32) and fixed finite extent. All array elements must be of the same HDF4 datatype.

Array variable

  A variable that can store (logically) dense, rectilinear, multidimensional arrays of elements of a given HDF4 datatype.

  The combination of array rank (dimensionality) and extent is called an array variable's shape. This includes the degenerate array shapes of a singleton (scalar) and the empty array (null).

  The array element datatype is sometimes referred to as the array variable's type, which is not entirely accurate because the array variable's type is 'array of element type' rather than 'element type'.

  In HDF4, there are two kinds of array variables, attributes and datasets, and the distinction is functional (i.e., how they can be used) rather than conceptual. Attributes are commonly used for descriptive "light-weight" HDF4 object metadata while datasets are HDF4 objects used to store "heavy-weight" problem-sized data.

Attribute

  A named array variable that is associated with an HDF4 object, its owner or attributee, and used to represent application domain-specific metadata of the object. Intuitively, the set of an object's attributes can be thought of as its key-value pair collection. Attribute names (keys) can be arbitrary Unicode strings, but must be unique per object, i.e., an object can have at most one attribute with a given name.

  A scalar attribute is an attribute backed by a singleton array variable. A null attribute is attribute backed by an empty array variable.

# B

Bitfield datatype
  A family of HDF4 datatypes whose elements are fixed-width bit fields.

# C

Chunked layout

  A dataset storage layout where the dataset elements are partitioned into fixed-size multidimensional chunks or tiles. Chunked layout is mandatory for datasets with one or more dimensions of indefinite (infinite) extent or where compression or other filters are applied to the dataset elements.

  Chunked layout may improve I/O performance for certain access patterns.

Committed datatype
  An immutable kind of HDF4 object that is used to store an HDF4 datatype definition, which can be referenced by multiple array variables. When linked to an HDF4 group, a committed datatype can be located by an HDF4 path name, and is sometimes called a named datatype.

Compact layout

Compound datatype

  A family of HDF4 datatypes whose elements are records with named fields of other HDF4 datatypes. Currently, on ASCII field names are supported.

  Similar to a `struct` in C or a `COMMON` block in Fortran.

Contiguous layout
  A dataset storage layout where the dataset elements are physically stored in an HDF4 file as a contiguous block of bytes.

# D

Dataset

  A kind of HDF4 object, a linked array variable. which can be located in an HDF4 file through a path name. Datasets are commonly used to store "heavy-weight" problem-sized data.

  The HDF4 library offers a lot of features aimed at optimized dataset access and storage, including compression and partial I/O.

Dataspace
  The shape of an array variable. With the exception of degenerate cases (empty set, singleton), this is a rectilinear lattice or grid of a certain rank (dimensionality) and extent.

Datatype

  An HDF4 datatype consists of an abstract data type (a set of elements) and a bit-level representation of these elements in storage such as an HDF4 file or memory.

  The HDF4 library comes with a large set of predefined datatypes and offers mechanisms for creating user-defined datatypes.

  The ten major families or classes of HDF4 datatypes are:

  - Integer datatypes
  - Floating-point number datatypes
  - String datatypes
  - Bitfield datatypes
  - Opaque datatypes
  - Compound datatypes
  - Reference datatypes
  - Enumerated datatypes
  - Variable-length sequence datatypes
  - Array datatypes

# E

Enumeration datatype
  A family of HDF4 datatypes whose elements represent named integer values called members or enumerators. Currently, only ASCII names are supported.

External layout
  A form of contiguous layout where a dataset's elements are physically stored in unformatted binary files outside the HDF4 file.

External link
  An HDF4 link whose destination is specified as a pair of an HDF4 file name and an HDF4 path name in that file.

# F

Field
  See compound datatype.

File
  1. A byte stream (in a storage context such as a file system or in memory) formatted according to the HDF4 File Format Specification.
  2. A (logical) container for HDF4 objects.

File format

Fill value

Filter

# G

Group

  A kind of HDF4 object that stores a collection of HDF4 links. Each HDF4 file contains at least one group, it's root group.

  Among the destinations of an HDF4 group's links may be other HDF4 groups (including the group itself!). This ability is sometimes referred to as the closure property of groups. It is the basis for creating hierarchical or more general graph-like structures.

# H

Hard link
  An HDF4 link whose destination is specified (internally) as the address of an HDF4 object in the same HDF4 file.

Hierarchy
  See group.

Hyperslab

  A regular multidimensional pattern described by four vectors whose length equals the rank of the pattern.

  1. `start` - the offset where the first block of the hyperslab begins
  2. `stride` - the offset between pattern blocks
  3. `count` - the number of blocks
  4. `block` - the extent of an individual pattern block

  For example, the black squares on a (two-dimensional) chessboard with origin at `(0,0)` can be represented as the union of two hyperslabs representing the even `(0,2,4,6)` and odd `(1,3,5,7)` rows, respectively.

  The hyperslab parameters for the even rows are: `start (0,0)`, `stride (2,2)`, `count (4,4)`, `block (1,1)`. Likewise the parameters for the odd rows are: `start (1,1)`, `stride (2,2)`, `count (4,4)`, `block (1,1)`.

# I

Identifier
  An opaque, transient handle used by the HDF4 library to manipulate in-memory representations of HDF4 items.

# L

Library

Link

  A named, uni-directional association between a source and a destination. In HDF4, the source is always the HDF4 group that hosts the link in its link collection.

  There are several ways to specify a link's destination:

  - The address of an HDF4 object in the same HDF4 file; so-called hard link.
  - A path name in the same or a different file; so-called soft or external link.
  - User-defined

  A link name can be any Unicode string that does not contain slashes (`"/"`) or consists of a single dot character (`"."`). A link name must be unique in a group's link collection.

# M

Metadata
  Data that in a given context has a descriptive or documentation function for other data. Typically, the metadata is small compared to the data it describes.

Member

  A link destination is sometimes referred to as a member of the link's source (group). This way of speaking invites confusion: A destination (e.g., object) can be the destination of multiple links in the same (!) or different groups. It would then be a "member" of a given group with multiplicity greater than one and be a member of multiple groups.

  It is the link that is a member of the group's link collection and not the link destination.

# N

Name

  A Unicode string that depending on the item it names might be subject to certain character restrictions, such as ASCII-encoded only. In HDF4, the user might encounter the following names:

  - A link name
  - A path name
  - An attribute name
  - A field name (compound datatypes)
  - A constant name (enumeration datatypes)
  - A tag name (opaque datatypes)
  - A file name

Named datatype
  See committed datatype.

Null dataspace
  A shape which represents the empty set. Array variables with this shape cannot store any values.

# O

Object
  An HDF4 group, dataset or named datatype; an HDF4 item that can be linked to zero or more groups and decorated with zero or more HDF4 attributes.

Object reference
  1. A datatype for representing references to objects in a file.
  2. A value of the object reference datatype.

Opaque datatype
  A family of HDF4 datatypes whose elements are byte sequences of a given fixed length. An opaque datatype can be tagged with a sequence of up to 256 ASCII characters, e.g., MIME code.

# P

Path name
  A Unicode string that is the concatenation of link names separated by slashes (`'/'`). In HDF4, path names are used to locate and refer to HDF4 objects.

Plugin
  An HDF4 library feature or capability that can be added dynamically at application run time rather than library compilation time. Plugins are usually implemented as shared libraries, and their discovery and loading behavior can be controlled programmatically or through environment variables.

Point selection
  A dataspace selection that consists of a set of points (coordinates) in the same dataspace.

Property list

  An HDF4 API construct, a means of customizing the behavior of the HDF4 library when creating, accessing or modifying HDF4 items.

  While the default property settings are sufficient in many cases, certain HDF4 features, such as compression, can be reasonably controlled only by the user who has to provide the desired settings via property lists.

# R

Rank
  The number of dimensions of a non-null dataspace.

Reference
  1. An HDF4 object reference
  2. An HDF4 dataset region reference

Reference datatype
  1. An HDF4 datatype whose elements represent references to HDF4 objects.
  2. An HDF4 datatype whose elements represent references to regions of an HDF4 dataset.

Region reference
  See dataset region reference.

Root group

  An HDF4 group that is present in all HDF4 files and that acts as the entry or base point for all other data stored in an HDF4 file.

  The root group is "the mother of all objects" in an HDF4 file in the sense that all objects (and their attributes) can be discovered, beginning at the root group, by combinations of the following operations:

  - Link traversal
  - De-referencing of object references

  This discovery is portable and robust with respect to file-internal storage reorganization.

# S

Scalar dataspace
  A kind of HDF4 dataspace that has the shape of a singleton, i.e., a set containing a single element. Array variables with this shape store exactly one element.

Selection
  1. A subset of points of an HDF4 dataspace. The subset might be a point selection or a combination (union, intersection, etc.) of hyperslabs.
  2. A subset of dataset elements associated with a dataspace selection as described under 1.

Serialization
  1. The flattening of an N-dimensional array into a 1-dimensional array.
  2. The encoding of a complex data item as a linear byte stream.

Soft link
  A kind of HDF4 link in which the link destination is specified as an HDF4 path name. The path name may or may not refer to an actual object.

Storage layout
  The storage arrangement for dataset elements, links in a group's link collection, or attributes in an object's attribute collection.

String datatype

Super block
  An HDF4 file format primitive; a block of data which contains information required to access HDF4 files in a portable manner on multiple platforms. The super block contains information such as version numbers, the size of offsets and lengths, and the location of the root group.

SWMR
  Single Writer Multiple Reader, a file access mode in which a single process is permitted to write data to an HDF4 file while other processes are permitted to read data from the same file without the need of inter-process communication or synchronization.

Symbolic link
  An external link or a soft link.

# U

User block
  An HDF4 file format primitive that allows one to set aside a fixed-size (at least 512 bytes or any power of 2 thereafter) contiguous range of bytes at the beginning of an HDF4 file for application purposes which will be skipped/ignored by the HDF4 library.

UTF-8

  A variable-length (1-4 bytes per code point) encoding of the Unicode set of code points. This is the encoding supported by HDF4 to represent Unicode strings.

  The ASCII encoding is a proper subset of UTF-8.

# V

Variable-length (sequence) datatype
  A family of HDF4 datatypes whose elements are variable-length sequences of a given datatype.

Virtual Dataset (VDS)
  An HDF4 dataset with virtual storage layout. A dataset whose elements are partially or entirely stored physically in other datasets.

Virtual File Driver (VFD)

Virtual layout

Virtual Object Layer (VOL)